Temporally and spatially bound, by, for example, fixed capital, institutions, labour skills, and shared conventions. ‘Products and commodities take on the qualities of the places from which they come. In their tendency to persist even in the context of geographically homogenizing forces, place differences permeate the artefacts whose creation they stimulate’ (Molotch (2002) Int. J. Urb. Reg. Res. 26, 4).