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单词 heuristic
释义
heuristic

Physics
  • Denoting a method of solving a problem for which no algorithm exists. It involves trial and error, as in iteration.


Mathematics
  • Problem-solving based on experience of working with other problems which share some characteristics of the current problem but for which no algorithm is known. Good heuristics can reduce the time needed to solve problems by recognizing which possible approaches are unlikely to be successful. George Polya brought the notion of heuristics to a wide audience through his book How To Solve It.


Statistics
  • A general recommendation based on statistical evidence. For example, ‘Smoking may severely damage your health’.


Computer
  • A ‘rule of thumb’, based on domain knowledge from a particular application, that gives guidance in the solution of a problem. Unlike algorithms, heuristics cannot have proven performance bounds owing to their open-ended dependence on specific application knowledge; an example is ‘If the sky is cloudy, then carry an umbrella.’ Heuristics may thus be very valuable most of the time but their results or performance cannot be guaranteed.


Geography
  • Describing a teaching technique that promotes discovery. Thus, a heuristic model does not answer a question in and of itself, but rather helps create a means for answering a question. Phipps (1988) Geog. Anal. 20, 3 explains clearly, using as an example the search for a new house motivated by a housing problem. The searcher can make a rational inquiry to reduce this housing stress either by improving the old home, or by finding a new, less stress-inducing home, where cash is not a major issue. Or using a heuristic model, the searcher uses the information built up from each house visited to update his/her perceptions of the types of available houses within a price range. See N. Xiao in B. Warf (2010) on heuristic methods in spatial analysis.


Philosophy
  • A process, such as trial and error, for solving a problem for which no algorithm exists. A heuristic for a problem is a rule or method for approaching a solution.


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