The attempt to ‘flood-proof ’ a river/channel. This may include the straightening, narrowing, and shortening of a river course, removing river gravels, installing new flood banks and river-bank walling, and improving floodplain drainage (McDonald et al. (2004) TIBG 29, 3). See Korpak (2007) Geomorph. 92, 3–4 on the geomorphological impacts of river training in mountainous channels.