A self-contained employment, shopping, and entertainment node, located at the periphery of a pre-existing city, that allows its inhabitants to live, work, and consume in the same place. J. Garreau (1991) lists the criteria for an edge city: at least 465 000 m2 office space; at least 56 000 m2 retail space; more jobs than bedrooms; identification as a distinct ‘place’; and a total dissimilarity to a ‘city’ of thirty years ago. Edge cities have developed with mass car ownership and a ‘whole system of supportive infrastructures, from highways to service stations, to drive-through fast food centres, out-of-town malls and auto-access leisure and retail complexes…which thereby renders it at least functionally a city’ (MacLeod (2003) ICRRDS Rept Office Dep. PM).