An Indian Muslim movement. It aimed to rouse public opinion against the harsh treatment accorded to the Ottoman empire after World War I and specifically against the treatment of the Ottoman sultan and caliph (khalifa). The movement began in 1919 and, under the leadership of the Ali brothers, Muhammad Ali (1878–1931) and Shaukat Ali (1873–1938), assumed a mainly political character in alliance with the Indian National Congress, adopting the non-cooperation programme in May 1920. The Khilafat movement had considerable support from Muslims but was extinguished in 1924 after the abolition of the caliphate by Atatürk.