“system”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

system

Chemical Engineering

Refers to a quantity of a substance, or a group of substances, or energy under consideration contained within a space or transferred across a boundary. A system may be a mass of material or an energy contained within a boundary such as a vessel and isolated from the surroundings. Within an isolated system the mass remains constant and the system is entirely uninfluenced by changes in its environment. In an open system, it is possible to exchange energy and matter with its surroundings, whereas in a closed system, energy can be transferred across the boundary but not matter, such as heating a vessel. This is an idealized system since there will be some exchange of energy and possibly material. (p. 370) In a steady-state flow system there is a transfer of energy or matter in and out such that the system remains constant. In a cyclic system, the final state is identical to the initial state. That is, the heat absorbed is equal to the work done by the system. In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings. The process is therefore thermally isolated or the process is very rapid such that heat has no time to enter or leave the system. This is an idealized process since insulation is not perfect and there will be some transfer of heat. In an isothermal process, there is no exchange of temperature with the surroundings. The type of system may depend on the timeframe of interest. For example, a vessel containing volatile liquid can be considered to be closed for a very short period after which the system can be considered to be open.

Computer

Anything we choose to regard (a) as a whole and (b) as comprising a set of related components. More formally a system S = (C, R), where C is the set of its components and R is the set of relationships (or interfaces) that combine them into a coherent whole. In computing the word is freely used to refer to all kinds of combinations of hardware, software, data and other information, procedures, and human activities. An airline reservation system, for instance, comprises all those things, distributed and connected worldwide. At the other end of the spectrum, an operating system just comprises software components. See also engineering of computer-based systems, systems engineering.

Geology and Earth Sciences

1. The chronostratigraphic equivalent of the time unit period. Systems are subdivided into series, and together several systems constitute an ‘erathem’. When used formally the initial letter of the term is often capitalized, e.g. the Devonian System.
2. In geomorphology, a natural arrangement of interrelated objects or variables, the whole possessing properties that make it greater than the sum of the individual parts. It normally possesses stability, expressed by a balance between the input and output of energy and matter. This equilibrium may be upset by internal or external change. If the change is modest, the system quickly regains equilibrium; if it is extreme, a new equilibrium is established. A hillslope, for example, receives precipitation and exports water, slope debris, and the products of weathering. The form of the profile represents a balance between input and output. A landslide, perhaps induced by an increase in precipitation, would destroy this equilibrium, and in due course a new balance would be established. Several varieties of system are recognized. See cascading system; control system; morphological system; process-response system.

Geography

Any set of interrelated parts; an abstraction that is assumed to exist in reality, unlike a model which does not and is not intended to mirror reality (R. Inkpen, 2005).
Systems can be classified as open, closed, or isolated. Open systems—such as the ocean—allow energy and mass to pass across the system boundary. ‘Capitalism emerges as an inherently open system which, through abstract and concrete labour, is constantly infused by its putative “exteriors”; differences of nationality, gender, sexuality, geographical location and so on are constantly gathered together in the domain of concrete labour and…forcibly articulated into a global system’ (N. Castree 1999).
A closed system allows energy but not mass across its system boundary. The Earth system as a whole is a closed system (the boundary of the Earth system is the outer edge of the atmosphere). The Japanese keiretsu model represents a relatively closed system of vertically networked firms; see Gross et al. (2005) J. Japanese Int. Economies 19.
In a cascading system, a series of small sub-systems are linked from one system to another. Thus, the drainage basin system is made up of the weathering, slope, channel, and network subsystem, where the output from one is the input of other, and one subsystem affects another subsystem.
‘Terrestrial hydrology involves a dynamic, nonlinearly lagged and cascading system consisting of complex feeds forward and feedbacks, with any perturbations to inputs or stores interacting’ (Schultze (1997) PPG 21). In geomorphology, a morphological system is a subsystem of morphological components.

单词	system
释义	system Chemical Engineering Refers to a quantity of a substance, or a group of substances, or energy under consideration contained within a space or transferred across a boundary. A system may be a mass of material or an energy contained within a boundary such as a vessel and isolated from the surroundings. Within an isolated system the mass remains constant and the system is entirely uninfluenced by changes in its environment. In an open system, it is possible to exchange energy and matter with its surroundings, whereas in a closed system, energy can be transferred across the boundary but not matter, such as heating a vessel. This is an idealized system since there will be some exchange of energy and possibly material. (p. 370) In a steady-state flow system there is a transfer of energy or matter in and out such that the system remains constant. In a cyclic system, the final state is identical to the initial state. That is, the heat absorbed is equal to the work done by the system. In an adiabatic process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings. The process is therefore thermally isolated or the process is very rapid such that heat has no time to enter or leave the system. This is an idealized process since insulation is not perfect and there will be some transfer of heat. In an isothermal process, there is no exchange of temperature with the surroundings. The type of system may depend on the timeframe of interest. For example, a vessel containing volatile liquid can be considered to be closed for a very short period after which the system can be considered to be open. Computer Anything we choose to regard (a) as a whole and (b) as comprising a set of related components. More formally a system S = (C, R), where C is the set of its components and R is the set of relationships (or interfaces) that combine them into a coherent whole. In computing the word is freely used to refer to all kinds of combinations of hardware, software, data and other information, procedures, and human activities. An airline reservation system, for instance, comprises all those things, distributed and connected worldwide. At the other end of the spectrum, an operating system just comprises software components. See also engineering of computer-based systems, systems engineering. Geology and Earth Sciences 1. The chronostratigraphic equivalent of the time unit period. Systems are subdivided into series, and together several systems constitute an ‘erathem’. When used formally the initial letter of the term is often capitalized, e.g. the Devonian System. 2. In geomorphology, a natural arrangement of interrelated objects or variables, the whole possessing properties that make it greater than the sum of the individual parts. It normally possesses stability, expressed by a balance between the input and output of energy and matter. This equilibrium may be upset by internal or external change. If the change is modest, the system quickly regains equilibrium; if it is extreme, a new equilibrium is established. A hillslope, for example, receives precipitation and exports water, slope debris, and the products of weathering. The form of the profile represents a balance between input and output. A landslide, perhaps induced by an increase in precipitation, would destroy this equilibrium, and in due course a new balance would be established. Several varieties of system are recognized. See cascading system; control system; morphological system; process-response system. Geography Any set of interrelated parts; an abstraction that is assumed to exist in reality, unlike a model which does not and is not intended to mirror reality (R. Inkpen, 2005). Systems can be classified as open, closed, or isolated. Open systems—such as the ocean—allow energy and mass to pass across the system boundary. ‘Capitalism emerges as an inherently open system which, through abstract and concrete labour, is constantly infused by its putative “exteriors”; differences of nationality, gender, sexuality, geographical location and so on are constantly gathered together in the domain of concrete labour and…forcibly articulated into a global system’ (N. Castree 1999). A closed system allows energy but not mass across its system boundary. The Earth system as a whole is a closed system (the boundary of the Earth system is the outer edge of the atmosphere). The Japanese keiretsu model represents a relatively closed system of vertically networked firms; see Gross et al. (2005) J. Japanese Int. Economies 19. In a cascading system, a series of small sub-systems are linked from one system to another. Thus, the drainage basin system is made up of the weathering, slope, channel, and network subsystem, where the output from one is the input of other, and one subsystem affects another subsystem. ‘Terrestrial hydrology involves a dynamic, nonlinearly lagged and cascading system consisting of complex feeds forward and feedbacks, with any perturbations to inputs or stores interacting’ (Schultze (1997) PPG 21). In geomorphology, a morphological system is a subsystem of morphological components.
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