“Mariner”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Mariner

Astronomy

A series of US planetary probes. Mariner 2, which flew past Venus, was the first space probe to reach another planet. Mariner 4 provided our first close-up views of Mars, and Mariner 9 was the first probe to go into orbit around another planet. Mariner 10, the last of the series, was the first probe to visit two planets, Venus and Mercury.

Successful Mariner Probes^a

Probe	Launch date	Results
Mariner 2	1962 August 27	Flew past Venus 1962 December 14
Mariner 4	1964 November 28	Flew past Mars 1965 July 15
Mariner 5	1967 June 14	Flew past Venus 1967 October 19
Mariner 6	1969 February 25	Flew past Mars 1969 July 31
Mariner 7	1969 March 27	Flew past Mars 1969 August 5
Mariner 9	1971 May 30	Went into orbit around Mars 1971 November 14
Mariner 10	1973 November 3	Flew past Venus 1974 February 5. Flew past Mercury 1974 March 29. Re-encountered Mercury 1974 September 21 and 1975 March 16

^a Mariners 1, 3, and 8 were launch failures.

All dates UT.

Space Exploration

A series of US space probes that explored the planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars 1962–75.
Mariner 1 (to Venus) had a failed launch. Mariner 2 (1962) made the first fly-by of Venus, at 34 000 km, confirmed the existence of solar wind, and measured Venusian temperature. Mariner 3 (launched 4 November 1964) did not achieve its intended trajectory to Mars. Mariner 4 (launched 25 November 1964) passed Mars at a distance of 9 800 km, and took photographs revealing a dry, cratered surface. Mariner 5 (1967) passed Venus at 4 000 km and measured Venusian temperature, atmosphere, mass, and diameter. Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 (1969) photographed Mars's equator and southern hemisphere respectively, and also measured temperature, atmospheric pressure and composition, and diameter. Mariner 8 (to Mars, in 1971) had a failed launch. Mariner 9 (1971) mapped the entire Martian surface, and photographed Mars' moons. Its photographs revealed the changing of the polar caps, and the extent of volcanism, canyons, and features, which suggested that there might once have been water on Mars. Mariner 10 (1974–5) took close-up photographs of Mercury and Venus, and measured temperature, radiation, and magnetic fields.
Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 were renamed Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 (launched 1977) (see voyager).
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars/mariner.html Profiling the Mariner 4, Mariner 6, Mariner 7, and Mariner 9 missions to Mars. The site includes introductory text, technical information about the spacecraft and their experiments, and access to the Mariner imagery.

Geology and Earth Sciences

A series of NASA planetary missions exploring Venus (Mariners 2 (1962), 5 (1967), and 10 (1973) and Mars (Mariners 4 (1964), 6 (1969), 7 (1969), 9 (1971)); Mariner 10 also travelled to Mercury. There was no Mariner 1.
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars/mariner.html A NASA programme of missions that studied Mars, Venus, and Mercury.