Forest found in mountainous regions of the tropics, where rainfall can be heavy and persistent. The trees are typically short and crooked, and sites for mosses, climbing ferns, lichens, and epiphytes. See Bruijnzeel and Veneklaas (1998) Ecology 79, 1 on climatic conditions and tropical montane forest productivity. Martin et al. (2007) J. Biogeog. 34, 10 examine relationships between climate-disturbance gradients, vegetation patterns, and ecotones on subtropical mountains.