Cities dominate their locations economically, politically, and culturally, thus displaying centrality. J. Bird (2013) sees centrality as a mental projection on to space, and discusses the concept in relation to three types of its manifestation in spatial terms: the city as centre of a tributary region; the centres and central areas of cities themselves; and the city considered as a centre or gateway for other distant regions, often overseas. Lefebvre identifies the urban with the sociospatial form of centrality, but as Kipfer et al. (PHG (2013) 37, 1, 115) note: ‘this is a tricky affair’.