“biochemistry”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

biochemistry

Chemistry

The study of the chemistry of living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components (principally proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). Biochemistry has advanced rapidly with the development, from the mid 20th century, of such techniques as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, radioisotopic labelling, and electron microscopy. Using these techniques to separate and analyse biologically important molecules, the steps of the metabolic pathways in which they are involved (e.g. glycolysis) have been determined. This has provided some knowledge of how organisms obtain and store energy, how they manufacture and degrade their biomolecules, and how they sense and respond to their environment.

Biochemistry

1833	French chemist Anselme Payen (1795–1871) discovers diastase (the first enzyme to be discovered).
1836	Theodor Schwann discovers the digestive enzyme pepsin.
c.1860	Louis Pasteur demonstrates fermentation is caused by ‘ferments’ in yeasts and bacteria.
1869	German biochemist Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844–95) discovers nucleic acid.
1877	Pasteur’s ‘ferments’ are designated as enzymes.
1890	German chemist Emil Fischer (1852–1919) proposes the ‘lock-and-key’ mechanism to explain enzyme action.
1901	Japanese chemist Jokichi Takamine (1854–1922) isolates adrenaline (the first hormone to be isolated).
1903	German biologist Eduard Buchner (1860–1917) discovers the enzyme zymase (causing fermentation).
1904	British biologist Arthur Harden (1865–1940) discovers coenzymes.
1909	Russian-born US biochemist Phoebus Levene (1869–1940) identifies ribose in RNA.
1921	Canadian physiologist Frederick Banting (1891–1941) and US physiologist Charles Best (1899–1978) isolate insulin.
1922	Alexander Fleming discovers the enzyme lysozyme.
1925	Russian-born British biologist David Keilin (1887–1963) discovers cytochrome.
1926	US biochemist James Sumner (1877–1955) crystallizes urease (the first enzyme to be isolated).
1929	German chemist Hans Fischer (1881–1945) determines the structure of haem (in haemoglobin).
	K. Lohman isolates ATP from muscle.
1930	US biochemist John Northrop (1891–1987) isolates the stomach enzyme pepsin.
1932	Swedish biochemist Hugo Theorell (1903–82) isolates the muscle protein myoglobin.
1937	Hans Krebs discovers the Krebs cycle.
1940	German-born US biochemist Fritz Lipmann (1899–1986) proposes that ATP is the carrier of chemical energy in many cells.
1943	US biochemist Britton Chance (1913–2010) discovers how enzymes work (by forming an enzyme–substrate complex).
1951	Linus Pauling postulates that helices are part of the secondary structure of proteins.
1952	US biologist Alfred Hershey (1908–97) proves that DNA carries genetic information.
1953	Francis Crick and James Watson discover the structure of DNA.
1955	Frederick Sanger discovers the amino acid sequence of insulin.
1956	US biochemist Arthur Kornberg (1918–2007) discovers the enzyme DNA polymerase.
	US molecular biologist Paul Berg (1926– ) identifies the nucleic acid later known as transfer RNA.
1957	British biologist Alick Isaacs (1921–67) discovers interferon.
1957–59	British biochemist Sir John Kendrew (1917–97) determines the structure of myoglobin, the first protein to have its structure fully determined.
1959	Austrian-born British biochemist Max Perutz (1914–2002) determines the structure of haemoglobin.
1960	South African-born British molecular biologist Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) and French biochemist François Jacob (1920–2013) discover messenger RNA.
1961	British biochemist Peter Mitchell (1920–92) proposes the chemiosmotic theory.
	Brenner and Crick discover that the genetic code consists of a series of base triplets.
1969	US biochemist Gerald Edelman (1929–2014) discovers the amino acid sequence of immunoglobulin G.
1970	US virologists Howard Temin (1934–94) and David Baltimore (1938– ) discover the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
	US molecular biologist Hamilton Smith (1931– ) discovers restriction enzymes.
1973	US biochemists Stanley Cohen (1935–2013) and Herbert Boyer (1936– ) use restriction enzymes to produce recombinant DNA.
1977	Sanger determines the complete base sequence of DNA in bacteriophage φ‎X174.
1984	British biochemist Alec Jeffreys (1950– ) devises DNA profiling.
1985	US biochemist Kary Mullis (1944– ) invents the polymerase chain reaction for amplifying DNA.
1986	US pharmacologists Robert Furchgott (1916–2009) and Louis Ignarro (1941– ) demonstrate the importance of nitric oxide as a signal molecule in the blood vascular system.
1988	US biochemist Peter Agre (1949– ) identifies a water-channel protein (aquaporin) in the plasma membrane of cells.
1994	Beginnings of DNA chip technology.
1998	US biochemist Roderick MacKinnon (1956– ) reveals detailed three-dimensional structure of potassium-ion channel in brain cells.
2001	US molecular biologist Harry Noller and colleagues produce first detailed X-ray crystallographic image of a complete ribosome.
2002	First synthetic virus created by Eckard Wimmer and associates, based on human poliovirus.
2003	Human Genome Project completed.
2004	A team led by David L. Spector produces the first real-time imaging of gene transcription in a living cell, using different fluorescent markers to tag nucleic acids and proteins.

Chemical Engineering

A branch of chemistry that is concerned with the chemistry associated with living organisms.

Biology

The study of the chemistry of living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components (principally proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). Biochemistry has advanced rapidly with the development, from the mid-20th century, of such techniques as chromatography, spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, radioisotopic labelling, and electron microscopy. Using these techniques to separate and analyse biologically important molecules, the steps of the metabolic pathways in which they are involved (e.g. glycolysis and the Krebs cycle) have been determined. This has provided some knowledge of how organisms obtain and store energy, how they manufacture and degrade their biomolecules, how they sense and respond to their environment, and how all this information is carried and expressed by their genetic material. Biochemistry forms an important part of many other disciplines, especially physiology, nutrition, molecular biology, and genetics, and its discoveries have made a profound impact in medicine, agriculture, industry, and many other areas of human activity. See Chronology.
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