A global division of labour associated with the growth of transnational corporations and the deindustrialization of the advanced economies. The most common pattern is for research and development in more economically developed countries, and cheap, less skilled labour in less economically developed countries. See Marin (2006) J. Eur. Econ. Ass. 4, 2–3 on outsourcing. The impacts of the NIDL have been uneven: between nations, where some benefit more than others, and within nations, in locally specific ways; Martin (2004) TIBG 29, 2 refers to the latter as a ‘new sub-national development paradigm’. See OECD (2001) evolution and globalization.