Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705). His long reign saw a major revival of Habsburg power, particularly after the Ottoman attack on Vienna in 1683 was repulsed by an army led by King John III (Sobieski) of Poland. The subsequent eastern campaigns brought the reconquest of Hungary, confirmed by the Peace of Carlowitz (1699). Increasing resentment at Louis XIV’s intervention in German affairs also allowed him to re‐establish imperial leadership in Germany, an important contributory factor to the coalitions which inflicted heavy defeats on France between 1689 and 1713. After the removal of the Ottoman threat Vienna became a major European capital.