“Kyoto Protocol”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Kyoto Protocol

Geography

An international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits signatories to internationally binding emission reduction targets; a protocol ‘recognized as the most important global agreement of the late twentieth century, not only for fixing greenhouse gases (GHG) emission limits to be achieved by industrialized nations by 2012, but also for providing three flexible mechanisms through which industrialized countries can achieve their emission reduction objectives. These mechanisms: Joint Implementation (JI), Emission Trading (ET), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allow industrialized countries to meet their emission reduction targets through joint efforts or through projects abroad rather than through domestic actions alone. They give industrialized countries the opportunity to earn emission reduction credits anywhere in the world, at the lowest cost possible’ (Olawuyi (2010) Law, Environment & Devt J., p. 21).
Kerr (2007) Area 39, 4 examines the efficacy of national climate programmes to meet emissions reduction targets: only four of 21 countries with defined programmes demonstrate improved emissions trends following their inception and in only one is the change statistically significant. See also Bailey (2007) AAAG 97, 3.

Economics

An international agreement signed in 1997, designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in the interests of controlling global warming. Some critics have denounced the protocol as quite inadequate for its declared purpose. It has been ratified by the European Union, but not by the US, which considers the reductions proposed to be impracticable. In 2011 the parties to the Protocol agreed to finalize a more stringent successor treaty by 2015; however, in 2012 the Protocol was extended to 2020.

World History

An international agreement negotiated in 1993 that sought to limit emission levels of carbon dioxide and five other so-called greenhouse gases that are widely believed to contribute to climate change. It committed 38 industrialized countries to reduce their emissions by 2012 to an average of 94.8% of their 1990 levels. A system of “carbon trading” was established by which those countries with emissions below their targets could sell their unused quota to other countries. The Protocol became a legally binding treaty in 2005. However, it did not seek to limit the emissions of developing countries, which was cited by the USA as a reason why it would not ratify what it regarded as a flawed treaty. In 2011 the parties to the Protocol agreed to finalize a more stringent successor treaty by 2015; however, in 2012 the Protocol was extended to 2020.

单词	Kyoto Protocol
释义	Kyoto Protocol Geography An international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits signatories to internationally binding emission reduction targets; a protocol ‘recognized as the most important global agreement of the late twentieth century, not only for fixing greenhouse gases (GHG) emission limits to be achieved by industrialized nations by 2012, but also for providing three flexible mechanisms through which industrialized countries can achieve their emission reduction objectives. These mechanisms: Joint Implementation (JI), Emission Trading (ET), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allow industrialized countries to meet their emission reduction targets through joint efforts or through projects abroad rather than through domestic actions alone. They give industrialized countries the opportunity to earn emission reduction credits anywhere in the world, at the lowest cost possible’ (Olawuyi (2010) Law, Environment & Devt J., p. 21). Kerr (2007) Area 39, 4 examines the efficacy of national climate programmes to meet emissions reduction targets: only four of 21 countries with defined programmes demonstrate improved emissions trends following their inception and in only one is the change statistically significant. See also Bailey (2007) AAAG 97, 3. Economics An international agreement signed in 1997, designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in the interests of controlling global warming. Some critics have denounced the protocol as quite inadequate for its declared purpose. It has been ratified by the European Union, but not by the US, which considers the reductions proposed to be impracticable. In 2011 the parties to the Protocol agreed to finalize a more stringent successor treaty by 2015; however, in 2012 the Protocol was extended to 2020. World History An international agreement negotiated in 1993 that sought to limit emission levels of carbon dioxide and five other so-called greenhouse gases that are widely believed to contribute to climate change. It committed 38 industrialized countries to reduce their emissions by 2012 to an average of 94.8% of their 1990 levels. A system of “carbon trading” was established by which those countries with emissions below their targets could sell their unused quota to other countries. The Protocol became a legally binding treaty in 2005. However, it did not seek to limit the emissions of developing countries, which was cited by the USA as a reason why it would not ratify what it regarded as a flawed treaty. In 2011 the parties to the Protocol agreed to finalize a more stringent successor treaty by 2015; however, in 2012 the Protocol was extended to 2020.
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