“space”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

space

Physics

1. A property of the universe that enables physical phenomena to be extended into three mutually perpendicular directions. In Newtonian physics, space, time, and matter are treated as quite separate entities. In Einsteinian physics, space and time are combined into a four-dimensional continuum (see space–time) and in the general theory of relativity matter is regarded as having an effect on space, causing it to curve.

2. (outer space) The part of the universe that lies outside the earth’s atmosphere.

Mathematics

A set of points with a structure which defines further characteristics of the space and the relationship between its points, particularly in ‘spatial’ ways regarding distance, dimension, etc. See affine space, Euclidean space, inner product, measure space, metric space, topological space, vector space.

Space Exploration

The void that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere. Above 120 km, very little atmosphere remains, so objects can continue to move quickly without extra energy. The space between the planets is not entirely empty, but is filled with the tenuous gas of the solar wind as well as dust.
http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry//ask/askmag.html Well-organized NASA site with answers to questions about astronomy and space. The site endeavours to send a reply to any question about space and astronomy within three days. There are useful links to question archives, general files, and other space-related sites.
http://www.space.com/ Latest news on space exploration, plus space quizzes, games, and other fun stuff. The site also includes a children's page with activities.

Geography

The extent of an area, usually expressed in terms of the Earth’s surface. The term spatial derives from this meaning; and spatial relationships are at the heart of geography. ‘ “Space” refers to the operational dynamics of a network: across space, over time, at a variety of scales, from the body to the neighbourhood, to the region, and across nations’ (Ettlinger and Bosco (2004) Antipode 36, 2). D. Massey (2005) sees space as lived experience: ‘one important aspect of space is that it is the dimension of things (and people) existing at the same moment. If time is the dimension of change then space is the dimension of simultaneity. Space is the dimension of all these things happening at once. Space is the dimension, then, that presents us with the existence of others.’
Y.-F. Tuan (1997) contends that a space requires a movement from a place to another place. Similarly, a place requires a space to be a place. ‘Hence, the two notions are co-dependent.’ Thrift in S. Holloway et al. (2003) writes that ‘place refers to the process whereby spaces are ordered in ways that open up affective and other embodied potentials’. See also Sanders (2008) PHG 32, 2.
‘Absolute space is fixed and we record or plan events within its frame…the relational view of space holds there is no such thing as space or time outside of the processes that define them.…Processes do not occur in space but define their own spatial frame’ (D. Harvey 2006). Raper and Livingstone (1995) Int. J. GIS 9 distinguish between absolute space, which is geometrically indexed, and relative space, which is object oriented.
Mark and Freundschuh (1997) Trans. GIS 2, 4 identify ‘at least five types of spaces…because for most if not all human cultures, there are different kinds of spaces, applied to different situations or phenomena that are conceptualized in different ways’. Every society uses its space differently, both artistically and technologically: ‘Europeans have a notion of time and space that is generally assumed by them to be universal. This gratuitous assumption is naive, arrogant, and wrong’ (Hopgood (1993) AGOCG Tech. Report 24). ‘Space is used as a site and mechanism for gendered relationships of power’ (Corroto (2001) J. Arch. Educ. 55, 2).

Philosophy

The classical questions include: is space real, or is it some kind of mental construct, or artefact of our ways of perceiving and thinking? Is it ‘substantival’ or purely ‘relational’? According to substantivalism, space is an objective thing comprised of points or regions at which, or in which, things are located. Opposed to this is relationalism, according to which the only thing that is real about space are the spatial (and temporal) relations between physical objects. Substantivalism was advocated by Clarke, speaking for Newton, and relationalism by Leibniz, in their famous correspondence, and the debate continues today. There is also an issue whether the measures of space and time are objective, or whether an element of convention enters into them.

单词	space
释义	space Physics 1. A property of the universe that enables physical phenomena to be extended into three mutually perpendicular directions. In Newtonian physics, space, time, and matter are treated as quite separate entities. In Einsteinian physics, space and time are combined into a four-dimensional continuum (see space–time) and in the general theory of relativity matter is regarded as having an effect on space, causing it to curve. 2. (outer space) The part of the universe that lies outside the earth’s atmosphere. Mathematics A set of points with a structure which defines further characteristics of the space and the relationship between its points, particularly in ‘spatial’ ways regarding distance, dimension, etc. See affine space, Euclidean space, inner product, measure space, metric space, topological space, vector space. Space Exploration The void that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere. Above 120 km, very little atmosphere remains, so objects can continue to move quickly without extra energy. The space between the planets is not entirely empty, but is filled with the tenuous gas of the solar wind as well as dust. http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry//ask/askmag.html Well-organized NASA site with answers to questions about astronomy and space. The site endeavours to send a reply to any question about space and astronomy within three days. There are useful links to question archives, general files, and other space-related sites. http://www.space.com/ Latest news on space exploration, plus space quizzes, games, and other fun stuff. The site also includes a children's page with activities. Geography The extent of an area, usually expressed in terms of the Earth’s surface. The term spatial derives from this meaning; and spatial relationships are at the heart of geography. ‘ “Space” refers to the operational dynamics of a network: across space, over time, at a variety of scales, from the body to the neighbourhood, to the region, and across nations’ (Ettlinger and Bosco (2004) Antipode 36, 2). D. Massey (2005) sees space as lived experience: ‘one important aspect of space is that it is the dimension of things (and people) existing at the same moment. If time is the dimension of change then space is the dimension of simultaneity. Space is the dimension of all these things happening at once. Space is the dimension, then, that presents us with the existence of others.’ Y.-F. Tuan (1997) contends that a space requires a movement from a place to another place. Similarly, a place requires a space to be a place. ‘Hence, the two notions are co-dependent.’ Thrift in S. Holloway et al. (2003) writes that ‘place refers to the process whereby spaces are ordered in ways that open up affective and other embodied potentials’. See also Sanders (2008) PHG 32, 2. ‘Absolute space is fixed and we record or plan events within its frame…the relational view of space holds there is no such thing as space or time outside of the processes that define them.…Processes do not occur in space but define their own spatial frame’ (D. Harvey 2006). Raper and Livingstone (1995) Int. J. GIS 9 distinguish between absolute space, which is geometrically indexed, and relative space, which is object oriented. Mark and Freundschuh (1997) Trans. GIS 2, 4 identify ‘at least five types of spaces…because for most if not all human cultures, there are different kinds of spaces, applied to different situations or phenomena that are conceptualized in different ways’. Every society uses its space differently, both artistically and technologically: ‘Europeans have a notion of time and space that is generally assumed by them to be universal. This gratuitous assumption is naive, arrogant, and wrong’ (Hopgood (1993) AGOCG Tech. Report 24). ‘Space is used as a site and mechanism for gendered relationships of power’ (Corroto (2001) J. Arch. Educ. 55, 2). Philosophy The classical questions include: is space real, or is it some kind of mental construct, or artefact of our ways of perceiving and thinking? Is it ‘substantival’ or purely ‘relational’? According to substantivalism, space is an objective thing comprised of points or regions at which, or in which, things are located. Opposed to this is relationalism, according to which the only thing that is real about space are the spatial (and temporal) relations between physical objects. Substantivalism was advocated by Clarke, speaking for Newton, and relationalism by Leibniz, in their famous correspondence, and the debate continues today. There is also an issue whether the measures of space and time are objective, or whether an element of convention enters into them.
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