The reduction of political power; for example, of a member state on joining a supranational body, such as the European Union; of a local authority by national government; or of a state by global organizations such as the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund. The term may also apply to the loss of local government power when national government takes more control (Skelcher (2000) Pub. Policy & Admin. 15, 3), but Radcliffe, Laurie, and Andolina (2002) Transnat. Communities Prog. Seminar claim that the state is not hollowed out in this process.