King of Scotland (1165–1214), succeeding his brother Malcolm IV. He helped to establish the independence of the Church of Scotland (1188), formulated the first major alliance between his country and France (1168), and stimulated Scotland’s urban development. Initially loyal to Henry II of England, he was determined to recover the earldom of Northumberland and supported Henry’s three sons in a disastrous civil war. This resulted in William’s capture at Alnwick (1175), the acknowledgement of Henry as his feudal superior by the Treaty of Falaise, and, in 1189, the payment of 10,000 marks to Richard I to recover his independence.