The study of the impacts of fire on ecosystems, fire ecology can be considered a sub-discipline of landscape ecology as both span the temporal, spatial, and social dimensions of landscapes (Bowman and Franklin (2005) PPG 29, 2). The primary focus has been to understand the direct and indirect effects of fire disturbance on plants and, to a lesser extent, animals (Bowman and Boggs (2005) PPG 30, 2). See also Bowman (2007) PPG 32, 2; and Roberts (2001) PPG 25, 2 on tropical fire ecology. See Mistry (2003) J. Biogeog. 30, 7 for a collection of papers on fire ecology. Kalabokidis et al. (2007) Area 39, 3 find that natural and/or agricultural vegetation, grazing, and topography are the major factors in landscape wildfire dynamics.