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单词 diaspora
释义
diaspora

Geography
  • The dispersion of people from their homelands. ‘Those in diaspora may be seen as subject to power relations, tensions, disconnections and…notions of belonging, identity and community’ (Mavroudi (2007) Geog. Compass 1/3). ‘Diaspora involves feeling “at home”, in the area of settlement while retaining significant identification outside it’ (B. Walter 2001). ‘Citizenship is inherently geographic in that it is used to determine who can participate in (trans)national affairs and, more broadly, who is seen as “belonging”. The bifurcation of this legal and cultural sense of belonging and representation is even more intensified for diaspora populations’ (Mains (2007) Focus on Geog. 50, 1). Drozdzewski (2007) Soc. & Cult. Geog. 8, 6 discusses the way that different groups of Polish people contextualize their diasporic identity, and attribute meaning to place. Mercer and Page (2010) African Diaspora 3, 1 consider the ways in which home associations provide space for debate about what is an intrinsically good way to live together in the diaspora. See also Blunt (2007) PHG 31, 5. Writing on India’s diaspora strategy, Dickinson (2012) TIBG 37, 4, 609 argues that ‘specifically, incorporating the diaspora into a narrative of Indian sovereignty is an act that marks out India’s own reinvention from that of a post-colonial developmentalist nation (and the concomitant excision of its colonial diaspora from its anti-colonial nationalist rhetoric) to an emergent power in the international economy’. New Zealand’s diaspora strategy is to engage expatriates to extend international marketing opportunities, without requiring them to return home (Larner (2007) TIBG 32, 3).


World History
  • Jewish communities that have dispersed outside Israel. The process began with Assyrian and Babylonian expulsions in 721 and 597 bc, was continued by voluntary migration, and accelerated by the Roman destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 ad. By the 1st century ad there were Jewish communities from the Levant to Italy and notably in Babylon and Egypt.

    By the early Middle Ages Spain was the main centre of Jewish scholarship, which it remained until the Inquisition expelled all Jews in 1492. Distinguished Jewish scholars were also found in France and Germany, but from the time of the Crusaders, anti-Semitism began to develop, many cities confining Jews to ghettos. Poland and Lithuania welcomed Jewish victims of persecution, and by the 17th century Eastern Europe had become the diaspora’s centre of gravity until the pogroms of the 1880s drove many westwards, via Germany and Britain, to the USA. The German Holocaust, during World War II, destroyed many Jewish communities that remained in Europe. The main centre of the diaspora is now the USA, with some 6 million Jews.


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