The movement intended to bring about the political unity of all Slavs. It should be distinguished from both Slavophilism, which was purely cultural and acted as a powerful stimulus towards the revival of Slavonic languages and literature, and from Austro-Slavism, which sought to improve the lot of Slavs within Austria-Hungary. The aim of Pan-Slavism was to destroy the Austrian and Ottoman empires in order to establish a federation of Slav peoples under the aegis of the Russian emperor. The ideology was developed in Russia, where it took on a militant and nationalistic form and helped provoke the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). Another manifestation was the Balkan League of 1912 by which Russia supported nationalist aspirations of the Balkans against Austrian ambitions. This led to the crisis that precipitated World War I. The Bolshevik government of the newly established Soviet Socialist Republic (1917) renounced Pan-Slavism, but during the Cold War period the concept was revived as a justification for dominance by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe.