The information ‘space’ created by information technologies, notably the internet, the worldwide web, and virtual reality. Kitchin (1998) PHG 22, 3 argues that spatiality is central to understanding cyberspace. ‘Cyberspace is firmly embedded in the social spaces seen in the “real” world, and this relationship is reflected in how cyberspace is created, conceptualized and studied’ (M. Dodge and R. Kitchin 2001). Valentine and Holloway (2002) AAAG 92, 2, showing how on-line spaces are used, encountered, and interpreted within young people’s off-line, everyday lives, demonstrate the way the real and the virtual are mutually constituted. M.-P. Kwan (2001) proposes a behavioural model of cyber-accessibility and examines the way notions underlying conventional accessibility measures such as impedance and opportunity set can be extended for measuring individual cyber-accessibility, and suggests that behavioural theories and models may provide a theoretical foundation for cybergeography. N. Lin (2001) contends that social capital has been on the ascent in the past decade—in the form of networks in cyberspace. ‘The tales of total cyberspace are contradicted even by its own, very material, necessities: the world of “friction-free” money-flows is organised from places like the City of London and Canary Wharf, where the physicality of location, the implacable materiality of those pompous buildings, even the symbolism of the precise address, is of fundamental importance’ (D. Massey, Open2Net).