An investigation that focuses on the dynamic interactions between human societies and their environments with an understanding of key ecological concepts such as resilience, stability, and biodiversity. Culture is seen as the primary adaptive mechanism used by human societies to deal with, understand, give meaning to, and generally cope with their environment (T. Darvill 2002). The landscape cannot be understood without attention to the behaviour of land managers, who, after all, are the critical agents modifying or transforming the landscape; see Chowdhury and Turner (2006) AAAG 96, 2.