“circulation”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

circulation

Mathematics

For a fluid with velocity field u, the circulation around a closed curve C equals $Γ = \int_{C} u \cdot dr$ . If C bounds a surface Σ‎, then by Stokes’ Theorem $Γ = \int_{Σ}^{} ω \cdot d S$ where ω‎ denotes vorticity. Thus, vorticity can be considered (locally) as circulation per unit area.

Biology

The mass flow of fluid (e.g. blood, haemolymph, or lymph) through the tissues and organs of an animal, allowing the transport and exchange of such materials as oxygen, nutrients, and waste products (see also vascular system; lymphatic system). Smaller animals (e.g. arthropods and most molluscs) have an open circulation, i.e. the haemolymph is pumped into the body cavity, in which the internal organs are suspended. In open circulatory systems the tissues are in direct contact with the haemolymph, and materials are exchanged directly by diffusion. In a closed circulation, found in larger animals, the blood flows in vessels, which usually contain a series of one-way valves to maintain the flow in one direction. See also double circulation; haemodynamics; microcirculation; single circulation.

Geography

1 The movement of capital, labour, goods, and services through an economy. See Hughes on alternative forms of economic organization (2005, PHG 29, 4); on transnational trade and governance (2006, PHG 30, 5); and on the circulation of knowledge (2007, PHG 31, 4).
2 In population geography, short-term, repetitive movements of individuals, where there is no intention to change residence permanently. Adepojou in P. Kok (2006) observes that, in southern Africa, poverty has drawn more people into circulation or temporary migration, and notes that ‘brain drain’ is being transformed into ‘brain circulation’. See also Curry and Kobarski (1998) Asia Pac. Viewpt 39 on circulation in Papua New Guinea.

单词	circulation
释义	circulation Mathematics For a fluid with velocity field u, the circulation around a closed curve C equals $Γ = \int_{C} u \cdot dr$ . If C bounds a surface Σ‎, then by Stokes’ Theorem $Γ = \int_{Σ}^{} ω \cdot d S$ where ω‎ denotes vorticity. Thus, vorticity can be considered (locally) as circulation per unit area. Biology The mass flow of fluid (e.g. blood, haemolymph, or lymph) through the tissues and organs of an animal, allowing the transport and exchange of such materials as oxygen, nutrients, and waste products (see also vascular system; lymphatic system). Smaller animals (e.g. arthropods and most molluscs) have an open circulation, i.e. the haemolymph is pumped into the body cavity, in which the internal organs are suspended. In open circulatory systems the tissues are in direct contact with the haemolymph, and materials are exchanged directly by diffusion. In a closed circulation, found in larger animals, the blood flows in vessels, which usually contain a series of one-way valves to maintain the flow in one direction. See also double circulation; haemodynamics; microcirculation; single circulation. Geography 1 The movement of capital, labour, goods, and services through an economy. See Hughes on alternative forms of economic organization (2005, PHG 29, 4); on transnational trade and governance (2006, PHG 30, 5); and on the circulation of knowledge (2007, PHG 31, 4). 2 In population geography, short-term, repetitive movements of individuals, where there is no intention to change residence permanently. Adepojou in P. Kok (2006) observes that, in southern Africa, poverty has drawn more people into circulation or temporary migration, and notes that ‘brain drain’ is being transformed into ‘brain circulation’. See also Curry and Kobarski (1998) Asia Pac. Viewpt 39 on circulation in Papua New Guinea.
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