Species which survive by the rapid colonization or recolonization of a habitat: for example, the roach in Ireland (Caffrey and McLoone, Environ 2003). Such species have very good powers of dispersal in order to seek new habitats. Life is short, fecundity and reproduction are high, and these species are able to withstand difficult conditions. The term fugitive species is also used. Holling (in C. Folke et al. 1995) sees the proliferation of pioneer and opportunist species as the first stage of the adaptive process.