A semi-empirical relationship used to determine the pressure drop through a packed bed of solids and permeability of porous media as:
where μ is the viscosity, v is the superficial velocity, e is the voidage, and dp is the diameter of the particles. It is valid only for the laminar flow fluid through the bed up to Reynolds number of about one. It is named after Austrian physicist Josef Kozeny (1889–1967) who proposed the equation in 1927 and Philip Carman who subsequently modified it in 1938 and again in 1956.