An attempt to manage the city, often in order to avoid, or alleviate, common urban problems such as inner-city decay, overcrowding, traffic and other forms of congestion; ‘the management of spatial interdependence’ (Castells in Dunford and Pickvance (2007) PHG 31, 4). McCann (2001) Prof. Geogr. 53, 2 argues that, in order to understand the role of visioning in contemporary urban politics and in policy-making outcomes, ‘we must recognize the sociospatial context in which it is deployed’. Soja, quoted in Warf (2006) PHG 30, saw urban planning as the attempt by the state to contain the contradictions of capitalism.