who worked in Berlin with Otto Hahn. Together they discovered protactinium. Meitner and Hahn worked together on neutron bombardment of uranium. In the 1930s, she escaped from Austria to Sweden to avoid Nazi persecution. In Stockholm, along with her nephew Otto Frisch (1904–79), she formulated the theory of nuclear fission in a historic paper published in 1939. She also discovered the Auger effect in 1922.