A term used among Black people in the USA in the mid-1960s. The movement aimed at a more militant approach towards securing civil rights, and stressed the need for action by Black people alone, rather than in alliance with White liberals. Many Black Americans felt that the civil rights movement had done little to alter their lives, and under such leaders as Stokeley Carmichael they proposed that Black Americans should concentrate in their own communities to establish their own political and economic power. In 1966 a Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was formed by Carmichael to activate Black college students, and at the same time the Black Muslim Movement was advocating Islam as the Black salvation. Others, like the Black Panthers, emphasized violence and militancy, but all were concerned to stress the value of Black culture and heritage. The riots in the cities in the middle and late 1960s seemed to herald new waves of Black militancy, but the intensity of the Black Power Movement tended to decline in the early 1970s, when many Black people began cooperating with White organizations against the Vietnam War.