“tragedy of the commons”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

tragedy of the commons

Geography

G. Hardin (1968) described an increase in the use of common land by a number of graziers, with each grazier continually adding to his stock of animals for as long as the marginal return from each animal is positive, even though the average return for each animal is falling, and even though the quality of the grazing deteriorates. Hardin used this metaphor to describe any situation where the interests of the individual do not coincide with the interests of the community, and where no organization has the power to regulate individual behaviour. Bloom (2002) Agric. Hist. 76, 3, 497 writes movingly of an American Tragedy of the Commons: the Cherokee Nation, 1870–1900.

Economics

The fact that a common access resource will be over-utilized when users do not take into account the social impact of their actions. Consider a lake that can be used for fishing. The catch of each fisherman will be set to maximize profit by equating private marginal cost (equipment, time, etc.) to private marginal benefit (revenue from the sale of fish). This calculation does not take into account that the catch reduces the quantity of fish available for other fishermen which reduces their revenues. Consequently private marginal benefit is larger than social marginal benefit and the profit-maximizing catch is in excess of what is socially efficient. This over-utilization occurs whenever there is a negative externality between users of the resource and no control over access.

单词	tragedy of the commons
释义	tragedy of the commons Geography G. Hardin (1968) described an increase in the use of common land by a number of graziers, with each grazier continually adding to his stock of animals for as long as the marginal return from each animal is positive, even though the average return for each animal is falling, and even though the quality of the grazing deteriorates. Hardin used this metaphor to describe any situation where the interests of the individual do not coincide with the interests of the community, and where no organization has the power to regulate individual behaviour. Bloom (2002) Agric. Hist. 76, 3, 497 writes movingly of an American Tragedy of the Commons: the Cherokee Nation, 1870–1900. Economics The fact that a common access resource will be over-utilized when users do not take into account the social impact of their actions. Consider a lake that can be used for fishing. The catch of each fisherman will be set to maximize profit by equating private marginal cost (equipment, time, etc.) to private marginal benefit (revenue from the sale of fish). This calculation does not take into account that the catch reduces the quantity of fish available for other fishermen which reduces their revenues. Consequently private marginal benefit is larger than social marginal benefit and the profit-maximizing catch is in excess of what is socially efficient. This over-utilization occurs whenever there is a negative externality between users of the resource and no control over access.
随便看	New Technology Telescope newton Newtonian behaviour Newtonian fluid Newtonian focus Newtonian mechanics Newtonian telescope Newtonian–Cassegrain telescope Newton, Isaac (1642–1727) Newton number Newton quotient Newton, Sir Isaac Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) newton(symbol: N) Newton–Cotes rules Newton–Raphson Newton–Raphson method Newton’s formula Newton’s identities Newton’s interpolating polynomial Newton’s interpolation formula Newton’s law of cooling Newton’s law of gravitation Newton’s law of restitution Newton’s laws of motion