noted for stressing the need for empirical investigation of the categories and methods of thought of different societies, and for interpreting the results in terms of a ‘pre-logical’ primitive mentality. His works include Les Fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures (1910, trs. as How Natives Think, 1926) and La Mentalité primitive (1922, trs. as Primitive Mentality, 1923).