Egyptian nationalist leader. A conscript in the Egyptian army, he rose to the rank of colonel in the Egyptian–Ethiopian War (1875–76). In 1879 he took part in an officers’ revolt against the Turkish governor of Egypt and led a further revolt in 1881. In 1882, when Britain and France intervened at the request of Khedive Tawfiq, by bombarding the city of Alexandria, he organized a nationalist resistance movement. The British defeated him at Tel‐el‐Kebir and exiled him to Sri Lanka. He returned to Egypt in 1901.