A chain of fold mountains running from eastern France and northern Italy through Switzerland to Austria. An alpine glacier is a valley glacier, and alpine topography describes features of upland glaciation: cirques, glacial troughs, hanging valleys, and truncated spurs. The alpine orogeny occurred in the tertiary, creating fold mountains as far apart as the Andes, Japan, and East Indian Ocean island arcs. See Rosenbaum (2002) Tectonophys. 359 on the movements of Africa and Europe during the Alpine orogeny.