King of Scotland (1107–24). He succeeded his brother Edgar although the regions of Strathclyde, Lothian, and Cumbria were ruled with Anglo‐Norman support by his younger brother (later David I). Educated in England, Alexander encouraged the feudalization of his country while still retaining its independence of England. After crushing a Celtic revolt (c.1115) he was styled “the Fierce” although he was a pious man, founding Augustinian houses at Scone (1115) and Inchcolm. He refused the Bishop of St Andrews (1120, 1124) leave to acknowledge the ecclesiastical authority of York or Canterbury.