1. The heat (Q) produced when an electric current (I) flows through a resistance (R) for a time (t) is given by Q = I2Rt.
2. The internal energy of a given mass of gas is independent of its volume and pressure, being a function of temperature alone. This law applies only to ideal gases (for which it provides a definition of thermodynamic temperature) as in a real gas intermolecular forces would cause changes in the internal energy should a change of volume occur. See also Joule–Thomson effect.