“acid rain”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

acid rain

Chemistry

Precipitation having a pH value of less than about 5.0, which has adverse effects on the fauna and flora on which it falls. Rainwater typically has a pH value of 5.6, due to the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (forming carbonic acid). Acid rain results from the emission into the atmosphere of various pollutant gases, in particular sulphur dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen, which originate from the burning of fossil fuels and from car exhaust fumes, respectively. These gases dissolve in atmospheric water to form sulphuric and nitric acids in rain, snow, or hail (wet deposition). Alternatively, the pollutants are deposited as gases or minute particles (dry deposition). Both types of acid deposition affect plant growth – by damaging the leaves and impairing photosynthesis and by increasing the acidity of the soil, which results in the leaching of essential nutrients. This acid pollution of the soil also leads to acidification of water draining from the soil into lakes and rivers, which become unable to support fish life. Lichens are particularly sensitive to changes in pH and can be used as indicators of acid pollution.

Chemical Engineering

A precipitation of rain that has a pH below that of typical rain, which is around pH 5.6. Rainwater is naturally acidic due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air to form carbonic acid. However, rainwater will also absorb other gases such as sulphur dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen that have been released into the atmosphere as pollutant gases through processes such as the combustion of fossil fuels and from car exhausts. The dissolved gases form sulphuric and nitric acids with pH values of less than 5.0 and have an adverse effect on trees and plants. Acid rain causes damage to leaves and increases the acidity of the soil preventing further growth. The water run-off into rivers and lakes also prevents freshwater fish from thriving, leaving the water sterile, and has a major impact on the ecosystem.

Biology

Precipitation having a pH value of less than about 5.0, which has adverse effects on the fauna and flora on which it falls. Rainwater typically has a pH value of 5.6, due to the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (forming carbonic acid). Acid rain results from the emission into the atmosphere of various pollutant gases, in particular sulphur dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen, which originate from the burning of fossil fuels and from car exhaust fumes, respectively. These gases dissolve in atmospheric water to form sulphuric and nitric acids in rain, snow, or hail (wet deposition). Alternatively, the pollutants are deposited as gases or minute particles (dry deposition). Both types of acid deposition affect plant growth—by damaging the leaves and impairing photosynthesis and by increasing the acidity of the soil, which results in the leaching of essential nutrients. This acid pollution of the soil also leads to acidification of water draining from the soil into lakes and rivers, which become unable to support fish life. Lichens are particularly sensitive to changes in pH and can be used as indicators of acid pollution (see indicator species).

Geology and Earth Sciences

Precipitation with a pH of less than about 5.0, which is the value produced when naturally occurring carbon dioxide, sulphate, nitrogen oxides, and formic acid dissolve into cloud droplets. The effects of increased acidity on surface waters, soils, and vegetation are complex.

Geography

When fossil fuels are burned, dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen are released into the air; these dissolve in atmospheric water to form acid rain. In addition, nitrogen oxides combine with volatile organic compounds to form ground-level smog. These pollutants lead to the acidification of lakes and streams (making some of them incapable of supporting aquatic life), impair visibility, weaken forests, and degrade buildings.
Thermal power plants in India, which generally use coal with relatively high sulphur content (0.5 to 3%), are the major source of oxides of sulphur—they release about 2500 tons per year. Oxides of nitrogen are produced during high-temperature combustion. The greatest source of nitrogen oxides is road vehicles. Sing and Madhoolika Agrawal (2008) J. Enviro. Biol. 29, 1, 15, have a useful article, available online. In China, sulphur dioxide emissions from coal combustion are a primary contributor to acid rain. By the mid-1990s, an estimated 19% of the agricultural land in seven provinces (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi) in southern China has been affected by sulphur dioxide and acid rain; the average decrease in crop yield attributable to the combined effects of SO₂ and acid rain was 4.3% (S. K. Guttikunda et al. 2004). Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen may also be ‘exported’; more than half of Taiwanese acid rain is from mainland China (Govt. Info. Office, Rep. China (Taiwan) ). However, the UK Environment Agency and the US Environmental Protection Agency both record sharp falls in atmospheric sulphur dioxide.

单词	acid rain
释义	acid rain Chemistry Precipitation having a pH value of less than about 5.0, which has adverse effects on the fauna and flora on which it falls. Rainwater typically has a pH value of 5.6, due to the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (forming carbonic acid). Acid rain results from the emission into the atmosphere of various pollutant gases, in particular sulphur dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen, which originate from the burning of fossil fuels and from car exhaust fumes, respectively. These gases dissolve in atmospheric water to form sulphuric and nitric acids in rain, snow, or hail (wet deposition). Alternatively, the pollutants are deposited as gases or minute particles (dry deposition). Both types of acid deposition affect plant growth – by damaging the leaves and impairing photosynthesis and by increasing the acidity of the soil, which results in the leaching of essential nutrients. This acid pollution of the soil also leads to acidification of water draining from the soil into lakes and rivers, which become unable to support fish life. Lichens are particularly sensitive to changes in pH and can be used as indicators of acid pollution. Chemical Engineering A precipitation of rain that has a pH below that of typical rain, which is around pH 5.6. Rainwater is naturally acidic due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air to form carbonic acid. However, rainwater will also absorb other gases such as sulphur dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen that have been released into the atmosphere as pollutant gases through processes such as the combustion of fossil fuels and from car exhausts. The dissolved gases form sulphuric and nitric acids with pH values of less than 5.0 and have an adverse effect on trees and plants. Acid rain causes damage to leaves and increases the acidity of the soil preventing further growth. The water run-off into rivers and lakes also prevents freshwater fish from thriving, leaving the water sterile, and has a major impact on the ecosystem. Biology Precipitation having a pH value of less than about 5.0, which has adverse effects on the fauna and flora on which it falls. Rainwater typically has a pH value of 5.6, due to the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (forming carbonic acid). Acid rain results from the emission into the atmosphere of various pollutant gases, in particular sulphur dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen, which originate from the burning of fossil fuels and from car exhaust fumes, respectively. These gases dissolve in atmospheric water to form sulphuric and nitric acids in rain, snow, or hail (wet deposition). Alternatively, the pollutants are deposited as gases or minute particles (dry deposition). Both types of acid deposition affect plant growth—by damaging the leaves and impairing photosynthesis and by increasing the acidity of the soil, which results in the leaching of essential nutrients. This acid pollution of the soil also leads to acidification of water draining from the soil into lakes and rivers, which become unable to support fish life. Lichens are particularly sensitive to changes in pH and can be used as indicators of acid pollution (see indicator species). Geology and Earth Sciences Precipitation with a pH of less than about 5.0, which is the value produced when naturally occurring carbon dioxide, sulphate, nitrogen oxides, and formic acid dissolve into cloud droplets. The effects of increased acidity on surface waters, soils, and vegetation are complex. Geography When fossil fuels are burned, dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen are released into the air; these dissolve in atmospheric water to form acid rain. In addition, nitrogen oxides combine with volatile organic compounds to form ground-level smog. These pollutants lead to the acidification of lakes and streams (making some of them incapable of supporting aquatic life), impair visibility, weaken forests, and degrade buildings. Thermal power plants in India, which generally use coal with relatively high sulphur content (0.5 to 3%), are the major source of oxides of sulphur—they release about 2500 tons per year. Oxides of nitrogen are produced during high-temperature combustion. The greatest source of nitrogen oxides is road vehicles. Sing and Madhoolika Agrawal (2008) J. Enviro. Biol. 29, 1, 15, have a useful article, available online. In China, sulphur dioxide emissions from coal combustion are a primary contributor to acid rain. By the mid-1990s, an estimated 19% of the agricultural land in seven provinces (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi) in southern China has been affected by sulphur dioxide and acid rain; the average decrease in crop yield attributable to the combined effects of SO₂ and acid rain was 4.3% (S. K. Guttikunda et al. 2004). Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen may also be ‘exported’; more than half of Taiwanese acid rain is from mainland China (Govt. Info. Office, Rep. China (Taiwan) ). However, the UK Environment Agency and the US Environmental Protection Agency both record sharp falls in atmospheric sulphur dioxide.
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