“inhibition”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

inhibition

Chemistry

A reduction in the rate of a catalysed reaction by substances called inhibitors. Inhibitors may work by poisoning catalysts for the reaction or by removing free radicals in a chain reaction. Enzyme inhibition affects biochemical reactions, in which the catalysts are enzymes. Competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor molecules resemble the substrate molecules and bind to the active site of the enzyme, so preventing normal enzymatic activity. Competitive inhibition can be reversed by increasing the concentration of the substrate. In noncompetitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to a part of the enzyme or enzyme–substrate complex other than the active site, known as an allosteric site. This deforms the active site so that the enzyme cannot catalyse the reaction. Noncompetitive inhibition cannot be reversed by increasing the concentration of the substrate. The toxic effects of many substances are produced in this way. Inhibition by reaction products (feedback inhibition) is important in the control of enzyme activity. See also allosteric enzyme.

Chemical Engineering

The process of preventing or reducing a chemical reaction taking place. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction between the enzyme and substrate can be inhibited by the addition of another substance. Competitive inhibition is where a substance inhibits the enzyme reaction by completing with the enzyme at the active site whereas non-competitive inhibition is where a substance reduces the activity of the enzyme by binding to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. An inhibitor is the substance added causing the change in rate of the chemical reaction.

Biology

1. (in biochemistry) (enzyme inhibition) A reduction in the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction by substances called inhibitors. Competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor molecules resemble the substrate molecules and bind to the active site of the enzyme, so preventing normal enzymatic activity. Competitive inhibition can be reversed by increasing the concentration of the substrate. In noncompetitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to a part of the enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex other than the active site, known as an allosteric site. This deforms the active site so that the enzyme cannot catalyse the reaction. Noncompetitive inhibition cannot be reversed by increasing the concentration of the substrate. The toxic effects of many substances are produced in this way. Inhibition by reaction products (feedback inhibition) is important in the control of enzyme activity. See also allosteric enzyme.
2. (in physiology) The prevention or reduction of the activity of neurons or effectors (such as muscles) by means of certain nerve impulses. Inhibitory activity often provides a balance to stimulation of a process; for example, the impulse to stimulate contraction of a skeletal muscle may be accompanied by an inhibitory impulse to prevent contraction of its antagonist.

单词	inhibition
释义	inhibition Chemistry A reduction in the rate of a catalysed reaction by substances called inhibitors. Inhibitors may work by poisoning catalysts for the reaction or by removing free radicals in a chain reaction. Enzyme inhibition affects biochemical reactions, in which the catalysts are enzymes. Competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor molecules resemble the substrate molecules and bind to the active site of the enzyme, so preventing normal enzymatic activity. Competitive inhibition can be reversed by increasing the concentration of the substrate. In noncompetitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to a part of the enzyme or enzyme–substrate complex other than the active site, known as an allosteric site. This deforms the active site so that the enzyme cannot catalyse the reaction. Noncompetitive inhibition cannot be reversed by increasing the concentration of the substrate. The toxic effects of many substances are produced in this way. Inhibition by reaction products (feedback inhibition) is important in the control of enzyme activity. See also allosteric enzyme. Chemical Engineering The process of preventing or reducing a chemical reaction taking place. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction between the enzyme and substrate can be inhibited by the addition of another substance. Competitive inhibition is where a substance inhibits the enzyme reaction by completing with the enzyme at the active site whereas non-competitive inhibition is where a substance reduces the activity of the enzyme by binding to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. An inhibitor is the substance added causing the change in rate of the chemical reaction. Biology 1. (in biochemistry) (enzyme inhibition) A reduction in the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction by substances called inhibitors. Competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor molecules resemble the substrate molecules and bind to the active site of the enzyme, so preventing normal enzymatic activity. Competitive inhibition can be reversed by increasing the concentration of the substrate. In noncompetitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to a part of the enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex other than the active site, known as an allosteric site. This deforms the active site so that the enzyme cannot catalyse the reaction. Noncompetitive inhibition cannot be reversed by increasing the concentration of the substrate. The toxic effects of many substances are produced in this way. Inhibition by reaction products (feedback inhibition) is important in the control of enzyme activity. See also allosteric enzyme. 2. (in physiology) The prevention or reduction of the activity of neurons or effectors (such as muscles) by means of certain nerve impulses. Inhibitory activity often provides a balance to stimulation of a process; for example, the impulse to stimulate contraction of a skeletal muscle may be accompanied by an inhibitory impulse to prevent contraction of its antagonist.
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