“industrialization”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

industrialization

Geography

The development of manufacturing industry from a predominantly agrarian society. Characteristic features of industrialization include the application of scientific methods to solving problems; mechanization and a factory system; the division of labour; the increased geographical/social mobility of the labour force; and capital deepening (Atack et al. (2005) J. Econ. Hist. 58, 3). These are also features of capitalism, and capitalism is not the same thing as industrialization.
‘Industrialization is widely seen as the most important social and economic change of the last 200 years…with the power to modify or destroy any pre-existing social arrangement’ (A. Janssens 1993). Industrialization encourages urbanization; for example, Chen (2002) China Econ. Rev. 13, 4 finds that those Chinese provinces and municipalities with higher per capita GDP are more urbanized. As industrialization continues, there is a sectoral shift in employment: the sequence is illustrated by the data for Shanghai.
This change from manufacturing to commerce and services ‘to a considerable extent, means [from] more [to] less stable jobs’ (Aguilar (1997) GeoJournal 43, 4).
Industrialization is often seen as a solution to poverty; see Fukunishi et al. (2006) UNIDO. Yamagata (2006) Cambodian Econ. Rev. finds that the Cambodian garment industry offers scope for the poor to increase their wages substantially. But Blumer (1969/70) Studs Compar. Int. Dev. 5, 3 holds that early industrialization brings ‘a series of new demands on life’ (such as a search for superior economic status) that lead to ‘disorganization’.
Year
1950
1995
1999
2002
Primary industry
3%
4.3%
1.8%
1.6%
Secondary industry
76%
63.8%
48%
47.4%
Tertiary industry
21%
31.9%
50.2%
51%
Source: Zhang (2006) Urban Affairs Review 9, 42.

Economics

The process of moving resources into the industrial sector. This is common in the early stages of economic development, when resources move out of primary production. Industrialization was the norm in the now advanced countries earlier in their development, and was energetically pursued by many less developed countries and by the former planned economies of the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe. In recent years most of the advanced economies have seen deindustrialization; this is not really the reverse of industrialization, as it mainly involves a shift of resources from producing goods into service sectors.

World History

The process of change from a basic agrarian economy to an industrialized one. It was first experienced by Britain in the Industrial Revolution and at much the same time in the New England states of the USA, from which it spread along the eastern seaboard and, after the American Civil War, across the continent. Belgium was the first continental European country to experience industrialization, which then spread to north-east France and, particularly after 1870, to Germany, where its growth was so rapid that by 1900 German industrial production had surpassed that of Britain. During those 30 years all industrialized nations saw rapid development and expansion in such heavy industries as iron and steel, chemicals, engineering, and shipbuilding. Japan was the first non-European power to become industrialized, which it had done by the end of the 19th century. The former Soviet Union saw industrialization on a massive scale under Stalin.
In many less developed countries, industrialization is equated with development, that is modernization, progress, and economic growth, a viewpoint often, though not always, justified by the circumstances of the individual countries. In recent decades there has been rapid industrialization in many developing countries, in particular those known as the newly industrializing countries; economic growth in these countries has generally exceeded that in those benefiting from ample natural resources, excepting certain oil-rich countries. Development plans favouring industrialization via import substitution have been superseded in many countries by policies of export promotion. Industrialization has been welcomed as providing employment for growing populations whom the land could no longer support; but since much industry is located in cities, there have been associated problems of massive urbanization and, often, pollution of the environment. The relationship between industrialization and development continues, therefore, to be debated. Since the latter decades of the 20th century, the phenomenon of deindustrialization has been witnessed in industrialized countries. This means that in these countries manufacturing employment accounts for a shrinking proportion of total employment, as a result of the growth both of manufacturing productivity and of tertiary employment.