A land survey that produces three-dimensional data rather than two-dimensional maps. Aerial 3D imaging techniques, such as lidar, can produce a 3D point cloud from which the elevation of the ground, buildings, and even vegetation can be determined. When combined with two-dimensional data, this enables the generation of computer models that show survey results in their three-dimensional context. Similar techniques can also be used to survey civil and mechanical structures, such as bridges or industrial plant.