“Haber process”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Haber process

Chemistry

An industrial process for producing ammonia by reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen:
$N_{2} {+ 3 H}_{2} ⇌ {2 NH}_{3}$
The reaction is reversible and exothermic, so that a high yield of ammonia is favoured by low temperature (see Le Chatelier’s principle). However, the rate of reaction would be too slow for equilibrium to be reached at normal temperatures, so an optimum temperature of about 450°C is used, with a catalyst of iron containing potassium and aluminium oxide promoters. The higher the pressure the greater the yield, although there are technical difficulties in using very high pressures. A pressure of about 250 atmospheres is commonly employed.
The process is of immense importance for the fixation of nitrogen for fertilizers. It was developed in 1908 by Fritz Haber and was developed for industrial use by Carl Bosch (1874–1940), hence the alternative name Haber-Bosch process. The nitrogen is obtained from liquid air. Formerly, the hydrogen was from water gas and the water-gas shift reaction (the Bosch process) but now the raw material (called synthesis gas) is obtained by steam reforming natural gas.

Chemical Engineering

A major industrial process for the synthesis of ammonia, which is principally used in the manufacture of fertilizers. The process involves passing a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen at a volumetric ratio of 1:3 under high pressure in the presence of a heated catalyst: $N_{2} + 3 H_{2} \to 2 N H_{3}$ . With a contraction of volume and being exothermic, Le Chatelier’s principle indicates that the yield of ammonia will be increased by pressure and decreased by a rise of temperature. However, a relatively high temperature is used otherwise the reaction is too slow. Most industrial plants vary in operation but, typically, finely divided iron catalysts are used with a temperature of 550ºC and pressure of 250 atmospheres. The hydrogen is obtained from the steam reforming of natural gas. The process was developed by Fritz Haber (1868–1934) and Carl Bosch (1874–1940) in 1908, and is also known as the Haber–Bosch process. See also synthesis gas.

单词	Haber process
释义	Haber process Chemistry An industrial process for producing ammonia by reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen: $N_{2} {+ 3 H}_{2} ⇌ {2 NH}_{3}$ The reaction is reversible and exothermic, so that a high yield of ammonia is favoured by low temperature (see Le Chatelier’s principle). However, the rate of reaction would be too slow for equilibrium to be reached at normal temperatures, so an optimum temperature of about 450°C is used, with a catalyst of iron containing potassium and aluminium oxide promoters. The higher the pressure the greater the yield, although there are technical difficulties in using very high pressures. A pressure of about 250 atmospheres is commonly employed. The process is of immense importance for the fixation of nitrogen for fertilizers. It was developed in 1908 by Fritz Haber and was developed for industrial use by Carl Bosch (1874–1940), hence the alternative name Haber-Bosch process. The nitrogen is obtained from liquid air. Formerly, the hydrogen was from water gas and the water-gas shift reaction (the Bosch process) but now the raw material (called synthesis gas) is obtained by steam reforming natural gas. Chemical Engineering A major industrial process for the synthesis of ammonia, which is principally used in the manufacture of fertilizers. The process involves passing a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen at a volumetric ratio of 1:3 under high pressure in the presence of a heated catalyst: $N_{2} + 3 H_{2} \to 2 N H_{3}$ . With a contraction of volume and being exothermic, Le Chatelier’s principle indicates that the yield of ammonia will be increased by pressure and decreased by a rise of temperature. However, a relatively high temperature is used otherwise the reaction is too slow. Most industrial plants vary in operation but, typically, finely divided iron catalysts are used with a temperature of 550ºC and pressure of 250 atmospheres. The hydrogen is obtained from the steam reforming of natural gas. The process was developed by Fritz Haber (1868–1934) and Carl Bosch (1874–1940) in 1908, and is also known as the Haber–Bosch process. See also synthesis gas.
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