An Indonesian Islamic political organization. Formed in 1911 as an association of Javanese batik traders to protect themselves against Chinese competition, it had developed, by the time of its first party congress in 1913, into a mass organization dedicated to self-government through constitutional means. Its leader H. Q. S. Cokroaminoto (1882–1934), was viewed by many as a latter-day Messiah, but the organization was weakened from within by the political challenge posed by the emergent PKI in the early 1920s; thereafter it gradually faded away as more radical nationalist parties, most prominently Sukarno’s PNI, were formed.