of criminal law at Copenhagen. Ross was a follower of Kelsen, who added to the basic positivist standpoint an expressivist view of normative discourse. A statement about what the law should be, or what rights and duties people have, functioned as a prescription or practical expression; statements describing the law are predictions about what courts will do (see law, philosophy of). His principal translated works included On Law and Justice (1958), and Directives and Norms (1968).