A model of the electrical double layer in which thermal motion causing disordering of the layer is taken into account. This is very similar to the Debye–Hückel theory of the ionic atmosphere around an ion, except that the concept of a central single ion is replaced by that of an infinite plane electrode. The Gouy–Chapman model understates the structure in a double layer, but can be improved by the Stern model, as proposed by Otto Stern (1888–1969) in 1924, in which the ions closest to the electrode are ordered and the ions are described by the Gouy–Chapman model outside the first layer. The model was proposed by Louis Georges Gouy in 1910 and David Leonard Chapman (1869–1958) in 1913.