Henry Ford (1863–1947) paid workers high wages in return for intensive work. The term Fordism was coined by Antonio Gramsci (1971) to describe a form of production characterized by an assembly line (conveyor belt) and standardized outputs, linked with the stimulation of demand brought about by low prices, advertising, and credit. ‘Under Fordism, it was presumed that growing social equity…was the sine qua non of economic growth’ (Peck (2002) J. Econ. Geog. 2). Fordism is associated with the spatial separation of the development of the product, at the centre of research and development (usually in a more developed country), and the actual sites of the production of a standardized product (often in a developing country). See Pietrykowski (1995) Econ. Geog. 71, 4. McDowell (2003) TIBG 28, 1 writes that in Britain, the old gender order of industrial Fordism is collapsing and the traditional moral certainties of that period, perhaps most dominant in Britain in the 1950s, are being renegotiated.