who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming. In 1941 Florey carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford. Florey and his team were pioneers in making an effective drug out of penicillin. This was the first antibiotic developed to treat people with serious infectious disease. Florey spent most of his career in Britain.