Laws to regulate conditions of employment of factory workers. In Britain two early Acts of Parliament in 1802 and 1819, which aimed to protect children and apprentices, failed because they could not be enforced. The Factory Act of 1833 banned the employment of children under 9, restricted working hours of older children, and provided for the appointment of factory inspectors. Legislation in Britain (1844 and 1847) extended protection of workers into mines and other industries and reduced the working day to ten hours. A Factory Act (1874) consolidated the ten-hour day and raised the age of children in employment to 10, this being further raised to 12 in 1901 and 14 in 1920. In the 20th century a complicated structure of industrial law developed. It was to counter the problem of child labour and the exploitation of factory workers, particularly women, that the International Labour Organization (ILO) was formed by the League of Nations (1919). Despite such initiatives, the exploitation of Third World women and children in such trades as the garment industry remains a matter of serious concern. In Britain workers have been further protected by such legislation as the Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act (1969), the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), and the Employment Act (1989). The ‘Social Chapter’ of the Maastricht Treaty (1992) harmonized labour laws throughout the EU; however, the UK opted out of this section of the treaty until 1997.