“explosive”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

explosive

Chemistry

A compound or mixture that, when ignited or detonated, undergoes a rapid violent chemical reaction that produces large amounts of gas and heat, accompanied by light, sound and a high-pressure shock wave. Low explosives burn comparatively slowly when ignited, and are employed as propellants in firearms and guns; they are also used in blasting. Examples include gunpowder and various smokeless propellants, such as cordite. High explosives decompose very rapidly to produce an uncontrollable blast. Examples of this type include dynamite, nitroglycerine, and trinitrotoluene (TNT); they are exploded using a detonator. Other high-power explosives include pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and ammonium nitride/fuel oil mixture (ANFO). Cyclonite (RDX) is a military high explosive; mixed with oils and waxes, it forms a plastic explosive (such as Semtex).

EXPLOSIVES

900–1000	Gunpowder developed in China.
1242	English monk Roger Bacon (1220–92) describes the preparation of gunpowder.
c.1250	German alchemist Berthold Schwarz claims to have reinvented gunpowder.
1771	French chemist Pierre Woulfe discovers picric acid (originally used as a yellow dye).
1807	Scottish cleric Alexander Forsyth (1767–1843) discovers mercury fulminate.
1833	French chemist Henri Braconnot (1781–1855) nitrates starch, making a highly flammable compound (crude nitrocellulose).
1838	French chemist Théophile Pelouze (1807–67) nitrates paper, making crude nitrocellulose.
1845	German chemist Christian Schönbein (1799–1868) nitrates cotton, making nitrocellulose.
1846	Italian chemist Ascania Sobrero (1812–88) discovers nitroglycerine.
1863	Swedish chemist J. Wilbrand discovers trinitrotoluene (TNT). Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel (1833–96) invents a detonating cap based on mercury fulminate.
1867	Alfred Nobel invents dynamite by mixing nitroglycerine and kieselguhr.
1871	German chemist Hermann Sprengel shows that picric acid can be used as an explosive.
1875	Alfred Nobel invents blasting gelatin (nitroglycerine mixed with nitrocellulose).
1885	French chemist Eugène Turpin discovers ammonium picrate (Mélinite).
1888	Alfred Nobel invents a propellant from nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose (Ballistite).
1889	British scientists Frederick Abel (1826–1902) and James Dewar invent a propellant (Cordite) similar to Ballistite.
1891	German chemist Bernhard Tollens (1841–1918) discovers pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).
1899	Henning discovers cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX or cyclonite).
1905	US army officer B. W. Dunn (1860–1936) invents ammonium picrate explosive (Dunnite).
1915	British scientists invent amatol (TNT + ammonium nitrate).
1955	US scientists develop ammonium nitrate–fuel oil mixtures (ANFO) as industrial explosives.

Chemical Engineering

A substance capable of a sudden high-velocity reaction with the generation of high pressure. High-energy explosives generate detonations. An explosive atmosphere is a mixture of air and one or more dangerous substances in the form of gases, vapours, mists, or dusts in which, after ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to the entire unburned mixture. More generally, an explosive mixture is a combustible-oxidant mixture that is potentially explosive or capable of propagating flame.

Logic

1. Describes a deductive system $L$ with a negation connective $\neg$ such for all sets of formulae $Γ$ and formulae $φ$ and $ψ$ , the following holds:
- • $Γ, φ, \neg φ ⊢_{L} ψ$
That is, negation-inconsistent $L$ -theory is trivial. A deductive system that is not explosive is known as paraconsistent. A weaker notion that is a hallmark of the paraconsistent C-systems or logics of formal inconsistency is that of a logic’s being gently explosive. This is defined so that there exists a set of formulae $◯ (p)$ in which the atomic formula $p$ appears such that there exist formulae $φ$ and $ψ$ such that
1. 1 $◯ (φ), φ ⊬_{L} ψ$
2. 2 $◯ (φ), \neg φ ⊬_{L} ψ$
3. 3 $◯ (φ), φ, \neg φ ⊢_{L} ψ$
That is, there exists a uniform means to express the consistency of $φ$ in such a way that it is only when conjoined to the assertion that $φ$ is consistent that a contradiction entails every arbitrary formula in the respective language.
2. Describes a negation connective $\neg$ with respect to which some deductive system is explosive in the earlier sense.
3. With respect to a deductive system $L$ , describes an $L$ -theory $T$ such that for all formulae $φ$ , the deductive closure of $T \cup {φ, \neg φ}$ is trivial, that is, if $T, φ, \neg φ ⊢_{L} ψ$ for arbitrary $ψ$ .