In economic geography, ‘a temporary system with institutionalised termination’ (Lundin and Söderholm (1995) Scand. J. Manage. 11); a ‘one-off’ activity, such as shipbuilding, film-making. See Grabner (2002) Env. & Plan. A 34, 11 and Kloosterman (2008) J. Econ. Geog. 8, 4 on project-based organizations.