“polarization”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

polarization

Physics

1. The process of confining the vibrations of the vector constituting a transverse wave to one direction. In unpolarized radiation the vector oscillates in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. See polarization of light.

2. The formation of products of the chemical reaction in a voltaic cell in the vicinity of the electrodes resulting in increased resistance to current flow and, frequently, to a reduction in the e.m.f. of the cell. See also depolarization.

3. The partial separation of electric charges in an insulator subjected to an electric field.

Astronomy

The phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves, such as light waves, vibrate in a preferred plane or planes; or the process of confining the vibrations to certain planes. In unpolarized light the vibrations are equally distributed in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. If all the vibrations are confined to one plane, the light is said to be plane-polarized (or linearly polarized). If the light in one plane is out of phase with the light in the plane at right angles to it (i.e. if the peaks and troughs of the waves are not in step), then the light is said to be circularly polarized. If all these phenomena occur together, the light is said to be elliptically polarized. Plane polarization is usually caused by scattering, and circular polarization by strong magnetic fields. Circularly and elliptically polarized light can also be produced by a wave plate. See also stokes parameters.

Chemistry

1. See polarization of light.
2. The formation of products of the chemical reaction in a voltaic cell in the vicinity of the electrodes resulting in increased resistance to current flow and, frequently, to a reduction in the e.m.f. of the cell. See also depolarization.
3. The partial separation of electric charges in an insulator subjected to an electric field.
4. The separation of charge in a polar chemical bond.

Electronics and Electrical Engineering

1. A phenomenon occurring in a simple electrolytic cell containing dissimilar electrodes. The current obtained from the cell decreases substantially soon after commencing the operation of the cell. This is due to the accumulation of bubbles of hydrogen gas, released from the electrolyte, around one of the electrodes. The bubbles partially cover the plate and thus increase the internal resistance of the cell and also create an e.m.f. of opposite polarity to the cell e.m.f. Cells such as the Leclanché cell are designed to minimize polarization.
2. The property of a radiated electromagnetic wave that describes the time-varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric field vector; specifically, it is the figure traced as a function of time by the end-point of the vector at a fixed point in space (and the sense – clockwise or anticlockwise – in which it is traced), as observed along the direction of wave propagation. Polarization may be classified as linear, circular, or elliptical, depending on the shape of the figure traced by the electric field vector. In general the field is elliptically polarized. If the vector is always directed along a line that is perpendicular to the propagation direction, then the field is linearly polarized (or plane-polarized).
3. See antenna polarization.
4. Short for dielectric polarization.
5. Polarization of electron spin.

Economics

1. A term given to the process in which middle-class jobs requiring moderate levels of skill decrease in number relative to low-paid and well-paid jobs. Polarization has increased in the US due to the rise of manufacturing in other countries and has contributed to income inequality.
2. The rule introduced by the UK Securities and Investment Board that bodies such as banks and building societies must choose either to give independent advice on all brands of life insurance and unit trusts or confine themselves to selling the products of only one company. The intention was to ensure either that advice was truly independent or that customers were aware that it was not.

单词	polarization
释义	polarization Physics 1. The process of confining the vibrations of the vector constituting a transverse wave to one direction. In unpolarized radiation the vector oscillates in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. See polarization of light. 2. The formation of products of the chemical reaction in a voltaic cell in the vicinity of the electrodes resulting in increased resistance to current flow and, frequently, to a reduction in the e.m.f. of the cell. See also depolarization. 3. The partial separation of electric charges in an insulator subjected to an electric field. Astronomy The phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves, such as light waves, vibrate in a preferred plane or planes; or the process of confining the vibrations to certain planes. In unpolarized light the vibrations are equally distributed in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. If all the vibrations are confined to one plane, the light is said to be plane-polarized (or linearly polarized). If the light in one plane is out of phase with the light in the plane at right angles to it (i.e. if the peaks and troughs of the waves are not in step), then the light is said to be circularly polarized. If all these phenomena occur together, the light is said to be elliptically polarized. Plane polarization is usually caused by scattering, and circular polarization by strong magnetic fields. Circularly and elliptically polarized light can also be produced by a wave plate. See also stokes parameters. Chemistry 1. See polarization of light. 2. The formation of products of the chemical reaction in a voltaic cell in the vicinity of the electrodes resulting in increased resistance to current flow and, frequently, to a reduction in the e.m.f. of the cell. See also depolarization. 3. The partial separation of electric charges in an insulator subjected to an electric field. 4. The separation of charge in a polar chemical bond. Electronics and Electrical Engineering 1. A phenomenon occurring in a simple electrolytic cell containing dissimilar electrodes. The current obtained from the cell decreases substantially soon after commencing the operation of the cell. This is due to the accumulation of bubbles of hydrogen gas, released from the electrolyte, around one of the electrodes. The bubbles partially cover the plate and thus increase the internal resistance of the cell and also create an e.m.f. of opposite polarity to the cell e.m.f. Cells such as the Leclanché cell are designed to minimize polarization. 2. The property of a radiated electromagnetic wave that describes the time-varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric field vector; specifically, it is the figure traced as a function of time by the end-point of the vector at a fixed point in space (and the sense – clockwise or anticlockwise – in which it is traced), as observed along the direction of wave propagation. Polarization may be classified as linear, circular, or elliptical, depending on the shape of the figure traced by the electric field vector. In general the field is elliptically polarized. If the vector is always directed along a line that is perpendicular to the propagation direction, then the field is linearly polarized (or plane-polarized). 3. See antenna polarization. 4. Short for dielectric polarization. 5. Polarization of electron spin. Economics 1. A term given to the process in which middle-class jobs requiring moderate levels of skill decrease in number relative to low-paid and well-paid jobs. Polarization has increased in the US due to the rise of manufacturing in other countries and has contributed to income inequality. 2. The rule introduced by the UK Securities and Investment Board that bodies such as banks and building societies must choose either to give independent advice on all brands of life insurance and unit trusts or confine themselves to selling the products of only one company. The intention was to ensure either that advice was truly independent or that customers were aware that it was not.
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