Using speech and gestures to act out/create a situation. J. Butler, who created this concept, describes it as the ‘reiterative power of discourse to produce the phenomena that it regulates and constrains’ (J. Butler 1993). In other words, performativity indicates a performance that has had its desired effect: what we say and do about something shapes what it is. A good example is given by Waitt (2008) Soc. & Cult. Geog. 9, 1, who illustrates the way that aggressive attitudes towards the ocean by Australian shortboard surf-riders creates a kind of masculinity. In a performative perspective, all subjects are subjects-in-process, and to study a subject is to ‘analyse the practices by which it is produced as a self-constituting subject’ (Kuus (2007) TIBG 32, 1).