The gathering of data using traditional methods such as interviews, questions, and focus groups, all using some form of paper maps to allow participants to record spatial details. The key difference between participatory GIS and community mapping is the way the data are processed after gathering. Dunn (2007) PHG 31, 5 describes it as ‘a more socially aware type of GIS which gives greater privilege and legitimacy to local or indigenous spatial knowledge… A Participatory GIS celebrates the multiplicity of geographical realities rather than the disembodied, objective and technical “solutions” which have tended to characterize many conventional GIS applications’. See Elsley and Cartwright in A. Ruas, ed. (2011) for an example.