“apartheid”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

apartheid

Geography

The system of racial segregation first promulgated by the largely Afrikaner National Party of South Africa in 1948. Petty apartheid meant the separation of facilities such as lavatories, transport, parks, and theatres into white and non-white. On a much larger scale was the allocation of 12% of the land area into independent republics (‘homelands, or bantustans’) for the African population, which comprised 69% of the population when the policy began, in 1954. These ‘homelands’ were to be governed and developed separately from white South Africa, while allowing African workers strictly limited rights to live in the white areas, as and when their labour was required. J. Robinson (1996) suggests that the organization of urban space into racially segregated living areas was central to the persistence of the racial state. ‘Without a gathering of the racially defined African population into spatially contained areas and the evolution of specific methods of administration and governance in these areas, the implementation of various racial policies would have been held hostage to the racial and physical “chaos” of the early twentieth-century city.’
With the election of South Africa’s first democratic government in 1994, the last vestiges of apartheid were officially removed, but the policy will leave a mark on the South African landscape and its society for many years to come; see Benjaminsen et al. (2006) AAAG 96, 3 and Ramutsindela (2007) Tijdschrift 98, 4. ‘What investigations into, say, apartheid in South Africa…reveal is the way in which these racist geographies were embedded in a wider field of utter indifference’ (Jacobs (2000) TIBG 25, 4).

World History

A racial policy in South Africa. It depended on the Population Registration Act (1950) that assigned every person to initially three racial groups, Bantu (Black), White, and Coloured (mixed race); a fourth category, Asian, was added later. These groups were kept separate regarding land ownership, residence, marriage and other social intercourse, work, education, religion, and sport. The word apartheid was first used politically in 1943, but as a concept it goes back to the rigid segregation practised by the settlers since the 17th century. From 1948 onwards, it was expressed in statutes, in job reservation and trade union separation, and in the denial of the vote and parliamentary representation for Black people. In accordance with it Bantu homelands were created, mostly in areas of poor land and scant resoures, depriving the Bantu‐speaking peoples of South African citizenship in return for an illusory and unworkable independence.
From 1985 certain restrictions began to be mitigated by creating subordinate parliamentary chambers for Asians and Coloureds, by relaxation of rules for sport and leisure, by modifying the Group Areas Act that restricted particular areas to certain races, and by abolishing the Pass Laws that forced non‐Whites to carry documentation to allow them to move through restricted areas. Increasing internal unrest along with international pressure for its abolition eventually swayed the government and in July 1991 President de Klerk repealed all remaining apartheid legislation, including the Population Registration Act. In December 1991 a Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) was established, comprising the government and 18 political groups, including the African National Congress and the Inkatha Freedom Party. In 1993 a new transitional constitution, drafted by CODESA, was ratified by the government. The constitution gave the vote to all South African adults and the first multiracial elections were held in 1994.

单词	apartheid
释义	apartheid Geography The system of racial segregation first promulgated by the largely Afrikaner National Party of South Africa in 1948. Petty apartheid meant the separation of facilities such as lavatories, transport, parks, and theatres into white and non-white. On a much larger scale was the allocation of 12% of the land area into independent republics (‘homelands, or bantustans’) for the African population, which comprised 69% of the population when the policy began, in 1954. These ‘homelands’ were to be governed and developed separately from white South Africa, while allowing African workers strictly limited rights to live in the white areas, as and when their labour was required. J. Robinson (1996) suggests that the organization of urban space into racially segregated living areas was central to the persistence of the racial state. ‘Without a gathering of the racially defined African population into spatially contained areas and the evolution of specific methods of administration and governance in these areas, the implementation of various racial policies would have been held hostage to the racial and physical “chaos” of the early twentieth-century city.’ With the election of South Africa’s first democratic government in 1994, the last vestiges of apartheid were officially removed, but the policy will leave a mark on the South African landscape and its society for many years to come; see Benjaminsen et al. (2006) AAAG 96, 3 and Ramutsindela (2007) Tijdschrift 98, 4. ‘What investigations into, say, apartheid in South Africa…reveal is the way in which these racist geographies were embedded in a wider field of utter indifference’ (Jacobs (2000) TIBG 25, 4). World History A racial policy in South Africa. It depended on the Population Registration Act (1950) that assigned every person to initially three racial groups, Bantu (Black), White, and Coloured (mixed race); a fourth category, Asian, was added later. These groups were kept separate regarding land ownership, residence, marriage and other social intercourse, work, education, religion, and sport. The word apartheid was first used politically in 1943, but as a concept it goes back to the rigid segregation practised by the settlers since the 17th century. From 1948 onwards, it was expressed in statutes, in job reservation and trade union separation, and in the denial of the vote and parliamentary representation for Black people. In accordance with it Bantu homelands were created, mostly in areas of poor land and scant resoures, depriving the Bantu‐speaking peoples of South African citizenship in return for an illusory and unworkable independence. From 1985 certain restrictions began to be mitigated by creating subordinate parliamentary chambers for Asians and Coloureds, by relaxation of rules for sport and leisure, by modifying the Group Areas Act that restricted particular areas to certain races, and by abolishing the Pass Laws that forced non‐Whites to carry documentation to allow them to move through restricted areas. Increasing internal unrest along with international pressure for its abolition eventually swayed the government and in July 1991 President de Klerk repealed all remaining apartheid legislation, including the Population Registration Act. In December 1991 a Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) was established, comprising the government and 18 political groups, including the African National Congress and the Inkatha Freedom Party. In 1993 a new transitional constitution, drafted by CODESA, was ratified by the government. The constitution gave the vote to all South African adults and the first multiracial elections were held in 1994.
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